New Catch-and-Release Guidelines for Salmon Fishing in British Columbia, Canada, from UBC’s Dr. Scott Hinch

Salmon fishing is a defining aspect of British Columbia’s culture, ecology, and economy. These iconic fish are not just a cornerstone of the province’s ecosystems but also a vital resource for Indigenous traditions, recreational fishers, and commercial industries. However, as salmon populations face growing threats from climate change, habitat loss, and overfishing, conservation efforts are more critical than ever.

Catch-and-release fishing has long been considered a sustainable way to enjoy this tradition while conserving salmon stocks. Yet, a six-year study led by Dr. Scott Hinch at the University of British Columbia (UBC) reveals that this practice, while well-intentioned, often has unintended consequences. Injuries and stress sustained during the process can significantly impact salmon survival. Fortunately, the study provides 15 actionable recommendations to improve catch-and-release outcomes, safeguarding salmon populations for future generations.

The Challenges of Catch-and-Release

Catch-and-release allows anglers to comply with conservation regulations or personal ethics while continuing to fish. However, Dr. Hinch’s research, which tracked over 1,500 Chinook and coho salmon in the Salish Sea, shows that post-release mortality rates are influenced by several factors:

• Injuries from hooks and handling: Even minor injuries to fins, scales, or eyes can reduce a fish’s survival by up to 20% in the first 10 days.
• Species resilience: Coho salmon were found to be less resilient than Chinook.
• Environmental stress: Warm water temperatures (above 18°C) exacerbate mortality risks, further highlighting the impact of climate change.

These findings underscore the need for refined fishing practices to ensure the long-term survival of released salmon.

Why Salmon Conservation Matters

Salmon are keystone species that sustain ecosystems by providing nutrients to wildlife like bears, eagles, and marine mammals. Their spawning cycles replenish freshwater habitats, supporting countless plant and animal species. Beyond their ecological role, salmon are a cultural and economic pillar for British Columbia, supporting Indigenous communities, recreational fishing, and commercial industries.

Given their significance, the decline of salmon populations is a pressing concern. Adopting science-based practices is essential to balance the enjoyment of fishing with the responsibility to protect these vital fish.

Salmon Species and Subspecies of British Columbia

British Columbia is home to a rich diversity of salmon, including five primary species, as well as distinct subspecies and populations adapted to the province’s unique waterways:

• Chinook Salmon (King Salmon): The largest species, known for their long migrations and high-value meat.
• Coho Salmon (Silver Salmon): Smaller but renowned for their agility and vibrant silver appearance.
• Sockeye Salmon (Red Salmon): Famous for their bright red flesh and vital ecological role.
• Pink Salmon (Humpback Salmon): The smallest Pacific salmon, distinguished by their humped backs during spawning.
• Chum Salmon (Dog Salmon): Known for their canine-like teeth and significant cultural importance.
• Kokanee Salmon: A landlocked form of sockeye salmon that lives its entire life in freshwater lakes, contributing to unique ecosystems.
• Fraser River Salmon: Salmon populations in this iconic river system exhibit unique genetic adaptations to its dynamic environment.
• Skeena River Salmon: Renowned for their robust genetics, these populations thrive in the Skeena watershed’s vast tributaries.

These species and their subspecies represent the biodiversity at stake in British Columbia’s waters, highlighting the importance of sustainable fishing practices.

15 Best Practices for Catch-and-Release Fishing

Dr. Hinch and his team developed 15 evidence-based recommendations to enhance the survival of released salmon. These practices provide anglers with clear, actionable steps to fish responsibly:

1. Use Smaller Hooks: Hooks with a gap width of 15 mm or smaller reduce injuries to sensitive areas, such as the eyes and mouth, decreasing the risk of infection and mortality.
2. Avoid Treble Hooks: Multi-point hooks cause more extensive injuries than single hooks. By switching to single hooks, anglers can significantly reduce the severity of wounds.
3. Skip Tandem Hook Setups: Multi-hook rigs often cause multiple injuries, increasing the likelihood of fatal damage to vital organs.
4. Refrain from Using Flashers: Inline flashers prolong recovery times, leaving fish vulnerable to predators and reducing their ability to survive post-release.
5. Land Fish Quickly: A prolonged fight exhausts fish, increasing their metabolic stress and the likelihood of delayed mortality.
6. Limit Air Exposure: Air exposure interrupts gill function, impairing oxygen intake. If air exposure is unavoidable, keep it under 10 seconds to minimize harm.
7. Avoid Landing Nets: Even fish-friendly nets can damage fins and remove protective scales. If nets are used, ensure the fish remains submerged at all times.
8. Minimize Handling: Every interaction increases stress and the potential for injury. Handle fish as little as possible to protect their mucous layer and scales.
9. Use Wet Hands: Dry hands can cause abrasions and remove the fish’s protective mucous layer. Wet hands are gentler and reduce harm.
10. Release at Water Level: Avoid bringing fish aboard. Use tools to de-hook and release them directly at the water’s surface to minimize stress.
11. Release Immediately: Delaying release or attempting to revive fish can prolong stress. Immediate release is usually the best approach, especially in warm waters.
12. Avoid Fishing in Warm Waters: Higher water temperatures increase mortality risks. Refrain from catch-and-release practices when surface temperatures exceed 18°C.
13. Target Larger Fish: Smaller fish are more vulnerable to injuries and stress. Adjust gear and techniques to focus on larger, more resilient salmon.
14. Avoid Predator-Heavy Areas: Releasing fish where predators are active increases their risk of being eaten before they recover. Choose release sites carefully.
15. Limit Catch-and-Release Practices: Once you’ve reached your legal catch limit, stop fishing to reduce unnecessary handling of additional fish.

Ensuring Salmon Thrive for Future Generations

Dr. Hinch’s research offers a clear path to improving the survival of released salmon, empowering anglers to be stewards of conservation. By adopting these best practices, we can ensure that recreational fishing continues to be a cherished tradition while respecting the delicate balance of nature.

As British Columbia grapples with the dual challenges of climate change and declining salmon stocks, responsible fishing isn’t just an ethical choice—it’s a necessity. Together, we can protect the lifeblood of B.C.’s rivers and oceans, ensuring that salmon continue to thrive for generations to come.

Fish responsibly today, to ensure salmon thrive tomorrow.

Learn About Catch-And-Release
Sport Fishing Institute
Pacific Salmon Foundation
Executive Summary PDF